use crate::List::*;

enum List {
    // Cons: 链表中包含有值的节点，节点是元组类型，第一个元素是节点的值，第二个元素是指向下一个节点的指针
    Cons(u32, Box<List>),
    // Nil: 链表中的最后一个节点，用于说明链表的结束
    Nil,
}

// 为枚举实现一些方法
impl List {
    // 创建空的链表
    fn new() -> List {
        // 因为没有节点，所以直接返回 Nil 节点
        // 枚举成员 Nil 的类型是 List
        Nil
    }

    // 在老的链表前面新增一个节点，并返回新的链表
    fn prepend(self, elem: u32) -> List {
        // `Cons` also has type List
        Cons(elem, Box::new(self))
    }

    // 返回链表的长度
    fn len(&self) -> u32 {
        // `self` has to be matched, because the behavior of this method
        // depends on the variant of `self`
        // `self` has type `&List`, and `*self` has type `List`, matching on a
        // concrete type `T` is preferred over a match on a reference `&T`
        // after Rust 2018 you can use self here and tail (with no ref) below as well,
        // rust will infer &s and ref tail. 
        // See https://doc.rust-lang.org/edition-guide/rust-2018/ownership-and-lifetimes/default-match-bindings.html
        match *self {
            // Can't take ownership of the tail, because `self` is borrowed;
            // instead take a reference to the tail
            // 这里我们不能拿走 tail 的所有权，因此需要获取它的引用
            Cons(_, ref tail) => 1 + tail.len(),
            // 空链表的长度为 0
            Nil => 0
        }
    }

    // 返回链表的字符串表现形式，用于打印输出
    fn stringify(&self) -> String {
        match *self {
            Cons(head, ref tail) => {
                // `format!` is similar to `print!`, but returns a heap
                // allocated string instead of printing to the console
                // 递归生成字符串
                format!("{}, {}", head, tail.stringify())
            }
            Nil => {
                format!("Nil")
            }
        }
    }
}

fn main() {
    // 创建一个新的链表(也是空的)
    let mut list = List::new();

    // 添加一些元素
    list = list.prepend(1);
    list = list.prepend(2);
    list = list.prepend(3);

    // 打印列表的当前状态
    println!("linked list has length: {}", list.len());
    println!("{}", list.stringify());
}